For those of you who prefer the Computer icon on your desktop for an easier access, right-click anywhere on your desktop and select personalize to open Windows Personalization.
Now click on Change desktop icons option on the left sidebar to change the settings of Windows icons on your desktop.
Enable all the icons you want to show on your Windows 8 desktop and save the settings.
Note that there is no Personalize on Windows Server 2012, and there is no easy way to do it, but if you got time take a look at this guide which involves big changes just to get Computer on the desktop.